{"id":186065,"date":"2026-03-28T00:22:00","date_gmt":"2026-03-28T06:22:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/confidencial.digital\/sin-categoria\/the-triple-burden-of-nicaraguan-miskitu-women-in-costa-rica\/"},"modified":"2026-03-31T14:47:21","modified_gmt":"2026-03-31T20:47:21","slug":"the-triple-burden-of-nicaraguan-miskitu-women-in-costa-rica","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/confidencial.digital\/en\/migrants\/the-triple-burden-of-nicaraguan-miskitu-women-in-costa-rica\/","title":{"rendered":"The Triple Burden of Nicaraguan Miskitu Women in Costa Rica"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Cindy Daineli is a Nicaraguan Indigenous woman of the Miskitu ethnic group who arrived in Costa Rica in 2023, fleeing the invasion of a group of settlers into her community located in Puerto Cabezas, on Nicaragua\u2019s North Caribbean coast. She left behind her family, her culture, and the forest to start a different life in another country. But more than 850 kilometers away, her life continues to be marked by violence. <\/p>\n\n

Being a woman, Indigenous, and a migrant in Costa Rica is \u201cdifficult,\u201d warns Daineli, who still struggles to communicate in Spanish.<\/p>\n\n

She recalls that when she arrived in Costa Rica, she knew nothing and barely spoke Spanish. Even so, she found a cleaning job in a nursing home. There, the supervisor\u2014another Nicaraguan\u2014abused her authority and Daineli\u2019s vulnerability, forcing her to do work that should have been done by several people. <\/p>\n\n

\u201cI had to change the clothes of about thirty elderly people who were sick, put on their socks, put on their diapers\u2026 When I finished all that, I had to clean the rooms, collect trash, pick up the diapers, throw away the dirty things,\u201d Daineli remembers, speaking in Spanish that has improved over time.<\/p>\n\n

Despite knowing her labor rights were being violated, Daineli tried to keep her job. Everything changed when the nursing home administrator made a surprise visit. It was already midday and she had not yet finished cleaning. Seeing the disorder, the boss questioned the supervisor, who immediately blamed Daineli. <\/p>\n\n

The supervisor \u201csaid I hadn\u2019t done anything in the morning and that I was just standing there with my phone,\u201d Daineli recalls. She adds that she tried to defend herself, but \u201cshe didn\u2019t even let me speak\u201d and \u201cright there she fired me.\u201d <\/p>\n\n

Violence for Being Indigenous<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n

Like Daineli, displaced Nicaraguan Indigenous women in Costa Rica live in a situation of \u201cvulnerability\u201d and are victims of different \u201cforms of violence,\u201d explains Susana Marley Cunningham, known as Mam\u00e1 Tara (Grand Mother), a defender of Indigenous rights in Nicaragua and coordinator of the organization \u201cVoices in Indigenous Resistance in Exile.\u201d <\/p>\n\n

\"Imagen
A view of La Carpio, home to a large Miskito indigenous community in Costa Rica. \/\/Photo: Confidencial Archive <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n

Mam\u00e1 Tara warns that although the Costa Rican state has welcomed more than 190,000 Nicaraguans fleeing violence in their country, expressions of \u201cxenophobia\u201d persist in Costa Rican society, especially against those who do not speak Spanish. \u201cThere is a kind of rejection or discrimination,\u201d she emphasizes. <\/p>\n\n

In schools, \u201cif you can\u2019t explain yourself well in Spanish, they won\u2019t enroll you,\u201d and in hospitals, \u201ceven if they have medical insurance, they don\u2019t treat them\u2014they brush them off,\u201d warns Cunningham, who is originally from the Wangky Maya territory, Cabo Gracias a Dios, and has been exiled in Costa Rica since December 2021.<\/p>\n\n

Mam\u00e1 Tara also recounts cases of Indigenous women whose children have been taken away by the National Child Welfare Agency (PANI) \u201cfor not caring for them properly.\u201d But she explains that this is not intentional neglect; rather, these women live in precarious<\/a> conditions and lack the resources to provide adequate care. <\/p>\n\n

\u201cThey (PANI) have their standards, and we (Indigenous people), perhaps because of our culture, are not caring for children the way we should\u2026 Let\u2019s say it frankly. With so many children, there\u2019s no way to provide better care. So this is also a process where Indigenous mothers learn a bit with PANI\u2019s guidance,\u201d the Indigenous leader emphasizes.<\/p>\n\n

Cunningham highlights that reality is harsher for Miskitu women than for men of the same ethnicity. While men adapt to construction work, most women have no employment, care for their children, and depend entirely on their partners. <\/p>\n\n

With Papers, but No Work<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n

Adela Flores is another Nicaraguan Indigenous woman living in Costa Rica since 2023. In exile she has learned to speak Spanish, apply for asylum, request a work permit, and obtain a criminal record certificate. \u201cI have all my papers,\u201d she says proudly. <\/p>\n\n

For three years, Flores has worked hard to regularize her immigration status, but that has not been enough to rebuild her life in Costa Rica<\/a>. During this time she has not secured stable employment, so she lives confined in a rented room in La Carpio, a peripheral neighborhood of the Costa Rican capital, and depends financially on her partner. <\/p>\n\n

Here in Costa Rica, \u201cmy man supports me,\u201d Flores says. \u201cHe has a steady job, but I don\u2019t. I stay at home, in the room all the time. So he\u2019s the one who supports me.\u201d <\/p>\n\n

With the money her husband earns working in construction, \u201cwe pay the rent, buy food, he pays for his transport, and there\u2019s almost nothing left. A little remains, and we send it to Nicaragua,\u201d she explains.<\/p>\n\n

Flores admits that overcoming the language barrier has been difficult, but says that when looking for work, \u201cI explain myself, I say I\u2019m Miskitu, I\u2019m from Nicaragua, I came here to work.\u201d Even so, \u201cI don\u2019t have a job,\u201d she insists. <\/p>\n\n

Sometimes she gets \u201clittle cleaning gigs,\u201d but \u201cit\u2019s not enough,\u201d she laments.<\/p>\n\n

Economic Dependence<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n

Economic dependence is just one of the reasons why \u201cmost\u201d Nicaraguan Indigenous women in Costa Rica are victims of \u201cgender-based violence,\u201d warns Nicaraguan sociologist Elvira Cuadra of the Center for Transdisciplinary Studies of Central America (CETCAM).<\/p>\n\n

\"Entrance
Entrance to the \u201cMiskito Neighborhood,\u201d a precarious settlement inhabited by Nicaraguan indigenous people in San Jos\u00e9, Costa Rica. | Photo: Confidencial <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n

Cuadra, one of the authors of the study Displaced Nicaraguan Indigenous Women in Costa Rica: What They Feel, What They Think, and What They Have Lived<\/em>, presented in late November 2025, emphasizes that\u2014of the 678 women who participated\u2014only 2% have formal employment in Costa Rica, and these are generally \u201cvery low-quality jobs where labor rights are often not respected.\u201d <\/p>\n\n

Most Nicaraguan Indigenous women \u201csurvive by carrying out informal economic activities,\u201d and \u201ca significant percentage do not produce enough to meet all their basic needs, so they have a high level of dependence on partners, husbands, or other relatives or people they live with,\u201d the sociologist stresses.<\/p>\n\n

La dependencia econ\u00f3mica se suma al pasado de violencia que estas mujeres vienen arrastrando desde Nicaragua y que no ha sido atendido \u201cde ninguna manera\u201d, advierte Cuadra. Por esa raz\u00f3n, en Costa Rica, est\u00e1n expuestas a \u201cmuchas situaciones dif\u00edciles\u201d, contin\u00faa. <\/p>\n\n

Beatings and Threats<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n

Raquel<\/em> is a Nicaraguan Miskitu woman exiled in Costa Rica who requested anonymity out of fear of reprisals against her relatives in Nicaragua. She arrived in Costa Rica in 2018, when protests against the regime of Daniel Ortega and Rosario Murillo were at their peak, and says the adaptation process has been \u201cvery hard.\u201d <\/p>\n\n

Upon arriving in San Jos\u00e9, Costa Rica\u2019s capital, Raquel<\/em> stayed in La Merced Park. There she met someone who took her to a church where she received help, and later she moved into a boarding house in the Pavas area. <\/p>\n\n

In the boarding house where Raquel<\/em> lives, along with a group of Nicaraguan Indigenous people, she has witnessed other women of her same ethnicity being beaten by their partners.<\/p>\n\n

\u201cHere (in the boarding house) there are women who come and go. Their husbands beat them and they run between the rooms,\u201d Raquel<\/em> says. \u201cIn my little room, how many women have I taken in\u2014they stay with me because they even get thrown out,\u201d she adds. <\/p>\n\n

She says that on two occasions she accompanied one of her neighbors to San Juan de Dios Hospital in San Jose after her partner beat her and tried to strangle her. <\/p>\n\n

\u201cWe took her to San Juan Hospital because her husband was choking her, constantly abusing her. I would tell her: your life, your children, and then a man,\u201d Raquel<\/em> explains. <\/p>\n\n

She adds that she herself has been beaten on several occasions when intervening in her neighbors\u2019 conflicts, and that the neighbor\u2019s husband threatened to do \u201cmany things\u201d to her if she called the police. <\/p>\n\n

Because of the violent environment she lives in, Raquel<\/em> says she prays to God not to fall in love again, \u201cbecause I\u2019m seeing these things and I don\u2019t want that.\u201d \u201cWomen are not animals; they are human beings and deserve respect and the chance to move forward,\u201d she reflects in Spanish, which has improved since going into exile. <\/p>\n\n

Gender-Based Violence<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n

The study conducted by Cuadra\u2014together with the Center for Information and Health Advisory Services (CISAS) and the organization Isin Mairin Kupia Kumi Muskitia Nicaragua (IMATKUMN)\u2014shows that Miskitu women in Costa Rica suffer various types of gender-based violence. <\/p>\n\n

\u201cWe found that they experience verbal violence, economic or patrimonial violence, physical violence, sexual violence, and something we call blackmail,\u201d the sociologist explains. But \u201cwhen we ask them directly, they do not recognize that they are experiencing it,\u201d she notes. <\/p>\n\n

Of the 678 women surveyed, 74% said that since arriving in Costa Rica no man had made them feel bad through shouting, offensive words, phrases, or rude gestures; only 19% said yes. However, when asked to identify the aggressor, 41% pointed to a current partner, former partner, or another relative. <\/p>\n\n

Physical violence is another form they face. While 77% did not recognize experiencing it, 16% said they had. Even so, 39% of those interviewed identified an aggressor, including a current partner, another relative, or a former partner. <\/p>\n\n

Mam\u00e1 Tara believes gender-based violence is deeply rooted in Nicaraguan Indigenous communities, which she links to the lack of psychological care for people who participated in the war of the 1980s. <\/p>\n\n

\u201cMen who lived through those ten years of war come with a violent mindset, and no one has taken them in, counseled them, or provided psychological follow-up. That\u2019s why I tell you that violence exists in Indigenous families,\u201d she emphasizes. <\/p>\n\n

Violence for Being Migrants<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n

Nicaraguan Indigenous women also suffer a form of violence associated with their status as migrants, referred to in the CISAS and CETCAM study as \u201cinstitutional violence.\u201d<\/p>\n\n

Cuadra explains that the Costa Rican system has undergone many changes, so Indigenous women often do not know, for example, how the asylum application process works. In addition, many do not speak Spanish, which sometimes results in denial of information or services. <\/p>\n\n

\u201cThere are forms of institutional violence they are experiencing, but they are often not aware of them,\u201d the sociologist warns. She adds that this is because \u201cwhen they arrive in a condition of forced displacement, they have no access to information, they do not know their rights or the responsibility of institutions to provide protection given their situation.\u201d <\/p>\n\n

In February 2025, a group of NGOs in the Costa Rican capital announced that Miskitu Indigenous<\/a> people could fill out asylum applications in their own language. However, this does not guarantee their social integration. <\/p>\n\n

Cuadra warns that \u201cthere is a lot of denial of information, denial of services, and\u2014in many cases\u2014they are made to feel discriminated against, made to feel uncomfortable.\u201d <\/p>\n\n

*This report was produced with support from the DW Akademie journalism grant and the Institute for Press and Freedom of Expression (IPLEX). The grant is part of the global \u201cSpace for Freedom\u201d project of the Hannah Arendt Initiative, sponsored by the German Federal Foreign Office. <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Cindy Daineli is a Nicaraguan Indigenous woman of the Miskitu ethnic group who arrived in Costa Rica in 2023, fleeing the invasion of a group of settlers into her community located in Puerto Cabezas, on Nicaragua\u2019s North Caribbean coast. She left behind her family, her culture, and the forest to start a different life in […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":185820,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_eb_attr":"","_eb_data_table":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[15445,15451],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-186065","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-english","category-migrants"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe harsh reality of being a Nicaraguan Miskito Woman in Costa Rica<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Nicaraguan Miskitoswomen in Costa Rica face language and cultural barriers that leave them caught between violence and precarious living conditions\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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