{"id":180734,"date":"2025-12-27T00:10:00","date_gmt":"2025-12-27T06:10:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/confidencial.digital\/sin-categoria\/us-invasions-in-latin-america-2-0\/"},"modified":"2025-12-27T14:52:49","modified_gmt":"2025-12-27T20:52:49","slug":"us-invasions-in-latin-america-2-0","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/confidencial.digital\/en\/english\/us-invasions-in-latin-america-2-0\/","title":{"rendered":"US Invasions in Latin America 2.0?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

The United States has not invaded a Latin American country since the overthrow of Manuel Antonio Noriega in Panama between 1989 and 1990. Over the past four months, during which nearly 30 attacks on vessels in the Caribbean and the Pacific have taken place, leaving more than 100 dead, we have been closer than at any time since then to a new invasion\u2014this time of Venezuela. <\/p>\n\n

In the past week, the extraordinary military deployment off the Venezuelan coast, including the powerful aircraft carrier Gerald Ford and a blockade against sanctioned oil tankers, went far beyond the stated objective of harassing vessels linked to Venezuelan and Colombian cartels. Although it was repeatedly insisted that the goal was not the overthrow of Nicol\u00e1s Maduro<\/a> or regime change in Venezuela, it was ultimately acknowledged that the aim was to apply maximum pressure until the president resigned or fled. <\/p>\n\n

In recent days, on three occasions, Donald Trump directly referred to an invasion with an objective<\/a> that until now had not been stated so clearly. According to Trump, Venezuela had \u201cstolen oil, land, and assets\u201d from the United States, and he intended to recover them. The White House deputy chief of staff, Stephen Miller, clarified the matter by specifying that the president was referring to the 1976 oil nationalization under the government of Carlos Andr\u00e9s P\u00e9rez, which created the state-owned company PDVSA. <\/p>\n\n

Indeed, in 1975, when Venezuela was one of the few Latin American Cold War democracies allied with the United States, and Perez had been in office for barely a year, a law was enacted transferring to the state the reserves of oil, asphalt, natural gas, and other hydrocarbons, as well as their exploration, prospecting, and commercialization. The reason invoked in the law for that measure was \u201cnational convenience.\u201d <\/p>\n\n

The nationalization took place after the oil embargo imposed by Arab countries on the United States for its support of Israel. Oil prices soared, and what was then called \u201cSaudi Venezuela\u201d benefited. But the United States was not excluded from those benefits either, as could be seen in the good relations between Carlos Andr\u00e9s P\u00e9rez and Jimmy Carter. <\/p>\n\n

As if awakening from a long sleep, like Rip Van Winkle, Trump now seems to want to turn back history and confront not only Nicol\u00e1s Maduro and his mentor Hugo Ch\u00e1vez, but also the old regime of the so-called \u201cBolivarian Revolution,\u201d the Fourth Republic, in which the politicians of the anti-Chavista opposition were formed, including Mar\u00eda Corina Machado and Edmundo Gonzalez Urrutia.<\/p>\n\n

Over these four months, the greatest resistance to these military actions in the Caribbean and the Pacific\u2014actions that international organizations regard as \u201cextrajudicial executions\u201d\u2014has not come from Russia, China, Cuba, or any other ally of Maduro, but from Democrats in the United States Congress. Trump and Rubio respond to that pressure with the argument that there is no plan to overthrow Maduro<\/a>, despite the fact that Chief of Staff Susie Wiles has not ruled it out. <\/p>\n\n

Thus, for now, Trump\u2019s casus belli against Venezuela would officially be framed as an invasion to stop the flow of drugs and recover oil. Of course, much of the opposition, the eight million people in the country\u2019s diaspora, and Venezuelan society itself harbor the hope that an armed action would lead to Maduro\u2019s overthrow. <\/p>\n\n

But history matters: as acts of war, all US military interventions in Latin America have been disastrous, and all have fueled the most authoritarian nationalisms\u2014from which, precisely, Nicolas Maduro, Daniel Ortega, and other twenty-first-century Caribbean despots have emerged. An invasion of Venezuela would intensify the remilitarization, authoritarianism, and fragmentation already growing in the region. <\/p>\n\n

*This article was originally published in La Raz\u00f3n de M\u00e9xico.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The United States has not invaded a Latin American country since the overthrow of Manuel Antonio Noriega in Panama between 1989 and 1990. Over the past four months, during which nearly 30 attacks on vessels in the Caribbean and the Pacific have taken place, leaving more than 100 dead, we have been closer than at […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":203,"featured_media":180719,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_eb_attr":"","_eb_data_table":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[15445],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-180734","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-english"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nUS Invasions in Latin America 2.0?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"An invasion of Venezuela would intensify the remilitarization, authoritarianism, and fragmentation already growing in the Latin American region\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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